Cassius Dio

Cassius Dio Cocceianus (c. 155^[1]– after 229), known in English as Cassius Dio or Dio Cassius, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. Dio published a Roman history embracing a period of 983 years, from the arrival of Aeneas in Italy through the subsequent founding of Rome and then to 229. Of the eighty books, written over twenty-two years, many survived into the modern age intact or as fragments, providing a detailed perspective on Roman history.

Biography

The son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator, Cassius Dio was born at Nicaea in Bithynia.^[2] In his writings, he adopted the prevailing Greek language of his native province, but he must be considered as a Roman.

Cassius Dio passed the greater part of his life in public service. He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna after the death of Septimius Severus; and afterwards suffect consul around 205, as also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Alexander Severus entertained the highest esteem for him, and made him consul for the second time, with himself in 229, though the Praetorian Guards, irritated against him on account of his severity, had demanded his life. Following his second consulship, being advanced in years, he returned to his native country, where he died.

Roman History

Dio published a Roman History, in eighty books, the fruit of his researches and labours of twenty-two years. It embraced a period of 983 years, extending from the arrival of Aeneas in Italy, and the subsequent founding of Rome, to 229. Down to the time of Julius Caesar, he only gives a summary of events; after this, he enters somewhat more into details; and from the time of Commodus he is very circumspect in relating what passed under his own eyes.

We have fragments remaining of the first 36 books: but there is a considerable portion of the 35th book, on the war of Lucullus against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and of the 36th, on the war with the pirates and the expedition of Pompey against the king of Pontus. The books that follow, to the 54th inclusive, are nearly all complete: they cover the period from 65 BC to 12 BC, or from the eastern campaign of Pompey and the death of Mithridates to the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. The 55th book has a considerable gap in it. The 56th to the 60th, both included, which comprehend the period from 9 to 54, are complete, and contain the events from the defeat of Varus in Germany to the death of Claudius. Of the following 20 books, we have only fragments and the meagre abridgment of John Xiphilinus, a monk of the XI century. The 80th or last book comprehends the period from 222 to 229, in the reign of Alexander Severus. The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with the 35th and continues to the end of the 80th book. It is a very indifferent performance, and was made by order of the emperor Michael VII Parapinaces.

The fragments of the first 36 books, as now collected, are of four kinds:

1. Fragmenta Valesiana, such as were dispersed throughout various writers, scholiasts, grammarians, lexicographers, etc., and were collected by Henri de Valois.
2. Fragmenta Peiresciana, comprising large extracts, found in the section entitled "Of Virtues and Vices", in the great collection or portative library compiled by order of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The manuscript of this belonged to Peiresc.
3. The fragments of the first 34 books, preserved in the second section of the same work of Constantine's, entitled “Of Embassies.” These are known under the name of Fragmenta Ursiniana, because the manuscript containing them was found in Sicily by Fulvio Orsini.
4. Excerpta Vaticana, by Mai, which contain fragments of books 1 to 35, and 61 to 80. To these are added the fragments of an unknown continuator of Dio, which go down to the time of Constantine. Other fragments from Dio belonging chiefly to the first 34 books were found by Mai in two Vatican MSS., which contain a collection made by Maximus Planudes. The annals of Joannes Zonaras also contain numerous extracts from Dio.

Literary style

Dio has taken Thucydides for his model, but the imitator is not comparable with his original either in arrangement and the distribution of materials or in soundness of view and accurate reasoning. His style is generally clear, where there appears to be no corruption of the text, though full of Latinisms. His diligence is unquestionable, and, from his opportunities, he was well acquainted with the circumstances of the Empire during the period for which he is a contemporary authority.

References

• This entry was based on H. T. Peck's Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)